The Conduction Transfer Module is used exclusively for heat transfer through surfaces when the properties remain constant or relatively constant. As can be read at the beginning of the section Basic Finite Difference Solution Approach of EnergyPlus documentation:

This has all the usual restrictions of a transformation-based solution: constant properties, fixed values of some parameters, and do not produce results for the interior of the surface.

When the properties of the material may change over time or moisture may be relevant, other methods should be used. One can specify in EnergyPlus (see object HeatBalanceAlgorithm) between:

• Conduction Transfer Function: for constant properties.
• Moisture Penetration Depth Conduction Transfer function: to consider the effect of moisture
• Conduction Finite Difference (CondFD): As the name implies, this directly solves a heat transfer equation through finite differences either using Crank - Nicholson algorithm (second-order in time) or a First-order implicit method. Both are described in the documentation here.
• The Combined Heat and Moisture Transfer (HAMT) Model. Also a finite difference algorithm, It is also described in the documentation here..

The last two are considered for advanced usage or research according to the documentation. As a side note, I've seen in some corners of physics people playing with time-dependent transfer functions and equations or analogous constructions, but it is always with the understanding that it is an approximation and, in many cases, it is not computationally reasonable to do so.